Tenses – Present tense, past tense and future tense,each has four parts as mentioned bellow.
Present tense
Present Indefinite- The identification of this tense is first form of the verb and its helping verb is do/does.
Do→ I/plural number
Does→singular number
Translation
Affirmative sentence- Subject + first form of the verb + object.
Example – Ram eats the food.
Negative sentence – Subject + do or does + not + first form of the verb + object.
Example – Ram does not eat the food.
Interrogative – do or does + subject + first form of the verb + object ?
Example – Does Ram eat the food ?
HINT→The best way to learn tenses is convert one sentence into all type of tenses,same we are doing here.
Interrogative (use of interrogative word)-
What,where,which,when,who,whom,how.
Interrogative word + helping verb + subject + first form of the verb
Example – What does Ram eat ?
Present continuous tense– The identification of this tense is (first form of the verb + ing) or its helping verb is/am/are which are used as following.
Is → singular number
Are→plural number
Am→ I
Translation
Affirmative sentence- subject + is,am or are + (first form of the verb +ing) + object.
Example – Ram is eating the food.
Sita and Geeta are eating the food.
I am eating the food.
Negative sentence – subject + is, am or are + not + (first form + ing) + object.
Example-Ram is not eating the food.
Introgative- Is/am/are + subject + (first form + ing) + object ?
Example – Is Ram eating the food ?
Use of interrogative word – interrogative word + is/am/are + subject + (first form + ing) + object.
Example- What is Ram eating ?
Present perfect tense – The identification of this tense is third form of the verb and its helping verb has/have which are used as follows.
Has→singular number
Have→Plural number
Translation
Affirmative –Subject + has/have + third form of verb + object.
Example-Ram has eaten the food.
Negative – Subject + has/have + not + third form of verb + object
Example- Ram has not eaten the food.
Ram and shyam have not eaten the food.
Interrogative –has/have +subject + third form of the verb +object ?
Example-Has Ram eaten the food ?
Use of Interrogative word- Interrogative word + has/have +subject + third form of verb + object.
Example – What has Ram eaten ?
Present perfect continuous tense – The identification of this tense is (first form of verb +ing) and its helping verb, has been/have been and use of since/for.
Has been→ singular
Have been→plural/I
Since→time point : 2 O clock, 2pm, 2 nd of October, 1960, Monday etc.
For→time period : 2 hours, 3 month, 4 years etc.
Past Tense
Past indefinite tense- The identification of this tense is second form of the verb or its helping verb did.
Did→singular/plural
Translation
Affirmative – subject + second form of the verb + object
Example –Ram ate the food .
Negative-subject + did +not + first form of the verb + object
Example- Ram did not eat the food.
Interrogative- did + subject + first form of the verb +object ?
Example-Did Ram eat the food ?
Past continuous tense-The identification of this tense is (first form of the verb +ing) and its helping verb was/were.
Translation
Affirmative-Subject + was/were + (first form of the verb + ing) + object.
Example-Ram was eating the food .
Ram and Shyam were eating the food .
Negative- subject + was/were +not + (first form of the verb +ing) +object.
Example- Ram was not eating the food.
Interrogative-was/were + subject + (first form of the verb +ing)+ object.
Example- Was Ram eating the food ?
Were Ram and Shyam eating the food ?
Use of interrogative word- interrogative word + was/were + subject + (first form of the verb +ing) ?
Example-what was Ram eating ?
Past perfect tense –The identification of this tense is third form of the verb and its helping verb had.
Affirmative –subject + had + third form of the verb + object
Example-Ram had eaten the food .
Negative- subject + had + not + third form of the verb + object.
Example- Ram had not eaten the food .
Interrogative- had + subject + third form of the verb + object.
Example- Had Ram eaten the food ?
Past pefect continuous tense- The identification of this tense is (first form of the verb +ing) , its helping verb had been and use of since/for.
Affirmative- subject + had been + (first form of the verb +ing) + the object.
Example- Ram had been eating the food for last 5 minutes.
FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE TENSE
Future indefinite – the identification of this tense is its helping verb will/shall and first form of the verb.
Affirmative – subject + will/shall + first form of the verb +object.
Example- Ram will eat the food .
Future continuous tense- the identification of this tense is (will/shall + be) and (first form of the verb +ing)
Affirmative sentence-subject +will/shall + be + (first form of the verb +ing) + object.
Example- Ram will be eating the food.
Negative –subject + will/shall + not +be + (first form of the verb +ing) +object.
Example – Ram will not be eating the food.
Interrogative – will/shall + subject + be + (first form of the verb +ing) +object.
Example- Will Ram be eating the food ?
Use of interrogative word – interrogative word + will/shall + subject +be + (first form of the verb + ing) ?
Example – What will Ram be eating ?
Future perfect tense- The identification of this tense is third form of the verb and its helping verb will have/shall have.
Affirmative-subject + will have/shall have + third form of the verb + object.
Example –Ram will have eaten the food.
Negative-subject + will have/shall have + not + third form of the verb + object.
Example – Ram will not have eaten the food.
Interrogative- will/shall + subject + have + third form of the verb + object.
Example- Will Ram have eaten the food ?
Future perfect continuous tense-The identification of this tense is its helping verb will have been/shall have been and (third form of the verb +ing) and use of since/for.
Affirmative- subject + will have been/shall have been +( third form of the verb +ing).
Example- Ram will have been eating the food for last 5 minutes.
Negative- subject + will have/shall have + not + been + first form of the verb + object.
Example – Ram will have not been eating the food for 5 minutes.
Interrogative- Will/shall + subject + have been + (first form of the verb +ing) + object.
Example-Will Ram have been eating the food for 5 minutes ?
ACTIVE TO PASSIVE-
Present indefinite tense
Rule- object + is/am/are + third form of the verb + by + subject .
Example
Active- Ram eats the food.
Passive- The food is eaten by Ram .
Active(negative)- Ram does not eat the food.
Passive- The food is not eaten by Ram ?
Active(interrogative)- Does Ram eat the food ?
Passive- Is the food eaten by Ram ?
Present continuous tense
Rule-object + is/am/are + being + third form of the verb + by + subject.
Example
Affirmative- Ram is eating the food ?
Passive – The food is being eaten by Ram ?
Negative- Ram is not eating the food .
Passive – The food is not being eaten by Ram.
Interrogative- Is Ram eating the food ?
Passive- Is the food being eaten by Ram ?
Use of interrogative word – What is Ram eating ?
Passive- What is being eaten by Ram ?
Present Perfect tense – object + has been + third form of the verb + by + subject.
Active- Ram has eaten the food .
Passive – The food has been eaten by Ram .
Negative- Ram has not eaten the food .
Passive –The food has not been eaten by Ram.
Inerrogative- Has Ram eaten the food ?
Passive-Has the food been eaten by Ram ?
Interrogative word- What has Ram eaten ?
Passive- What has been eaten by Ram ?
Hint; Perfect continuous of any tense cannot be transformed into passive voice.
Past indefinite tense
Rule-object + was/were + eaten + by + subject.
Negative- Ram did not eat the food.
Passive- The food was not eaten by Ram?
Interrogative-Did Ram eat the food?
Passive- Was the food eaten by Ram?
Use of interrogative word- What did Ram eat?
Passive- What was eaten by Ram?
Past continuous tense
Rule- object + was/were + being + third form of the verb + by + subject.
Example-Ram was eating the food .
Passive-The food was being eaten by Ram.
Negative-Ram was not eating the food .
Passive-The food was not being eaten by Ram .
Inerrogative – Was Ram eating the food ?
Passive- Was the food being eaten by Ram ?
Use of interrogative word-What was Ram eating ?
Passive- What was being eaten by Ram ?
Past Perfect
Object + had been + third form of the verb +by + subject.
Example- Ram had eaten the food.
Passive- The food had been eaten by Ram .
Negative –Ram had not eaten the food.
Passive-The food had not eaten by Ram .
Interrogative- Had Ram eaten the food ?
Passive- Had the food eaten by Ram ?
Use of interrogative word- What had Ram eaten ?
Passive- What had been eaten by Ram ?
Future indefinite
Rule- object + object + will/shall + be +third form of the verb + object.
Example- Ram will eat the food .
Passive- The food will be eaten by Ram .
Negative- Ram will not eat the food .
Passive-The food will not be eaten by Ram.
Interrogative- Will Ram eat the food ?
Passive – Will the food be eaten by Ram ?
Use of interrogative word- What will Ram eat ?
Passive- What will be eaten by Ram ?
HINT- future continuos /perfect continuous can not be transformed into passive voice.
Future perfect tense- Ram will have eaten the food.
Passive- The food will have been eaten by Ram .
Negative- Ram will not have eaten the food .
Passive- The food will not have been eaten by Ram.
Use of interrogative word-What will have Ram eaten ?
Passive –What will have been eaten by Ram ?
Direct /Indirect
Direct sentence has two parts (i) Reporting speech –When one person is directed to state something (ii)Reported speech- the speech in inverted commas delivered by a person.
Rule- If tense of reporting verb is present/future then tense of reported speech does not change.
Example; Ram says to Shyam, “I am eating the food.”
Indirect- Ram told Shyam that he is not eating the food.
Example- Ram will say to Shyam, “I am not eating the food.”
Indirect- Ram will say to Shyam that he is not eating the food.
If tense of reporting verb is past tense then the tense of reported speech changed as mentioned bellow in the table.
Reported speech/direct
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Indirect
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Present indefinite
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Past indefinite
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Present continuous
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Past continuous
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Present perfect
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Past perfect
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Present perfect continuous
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Past perfect continuous
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Past indefinite
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Past perfect
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Past continuous
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Past perfect continuous
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Past perfect coninuous
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Past perfect continuous
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Future indefinite
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Will/shall →Would/should
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Future continuous
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- Do-
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Future perfect
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-Do-
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When reported speech is present indefinite-
Example- Nikita said to Mohan, “I go to school.”
Indirect – Nikita told Mohan that he went to school.
When reported speech is Interrogative – In case when interrogative sentence starts from auxiliary verb is,am,are,was,were, can etc. then If/whether is used as a connecter and said to is substituted by asked.
Nikita said to Mohan, “Do you go to school?”
Indirect-Nikita asked Mohan if he went to school.
When interrogative sentence starts from interrogative word (where,what,when,how etc) then interrogative word itsef used as a connector.
Example-Nikita said to Mohan, “Where do you go?”
Indirect-Nikita asked Mohan where did he go ?
When reported speech is present continuous.
Example-Sohan said to Rajan, “My mother is preparing the food .”
Indirect-Sohan told Rajan that his mother was preparing the food.
When reported speech is present perfect tense.
Example-Sita said to Geeta, “I have studied all lessons of maths.”
Indirect- Sita told Geeta that he had studied all lessons of maths.
When reported speech is present perfect continuous tense.
Example-Namita said to sanjeev, “I have been studying social study for last two days.”
Indirect- Namita told Sanjeev that he had been studying social study for last two days.
When reported speech is past indefinite
Example-Sita said to her father, “yesterday you came late.”
Indirect-Sita told her father that he had come late on previous day.
When reported speech is past continuous
Example-Reeta said to Shyam, “You were working in home on yesterday.”
Indirect-Reeta told Shyam that he had been working in home on previous day.
When reported speech is past perfect
Example-Reeta said to Geeta, “Where had you gone on yesterday?”
Indirect-Reeta asked Geeta where had been he going on yesterday.
Indirect-When reported speech is past perfect continuous
Seeta said to Mohan, “What had you been doing since Monday ?”
Indirect-Seeta asked Mohan what had he been doing since Monday.
When reported speech is future tense, in all parts of future tense, indefinite,continuous, perfect and perfect continuous tense. Will/shall is changed to would/should.
Example-Sita said to Shyam, “Where will you go on tomorrow ?”
Indirect-Sita asked Shyam where would he go on next day.
Example-Rohit said to Rohan , “I will be going to visit Taj Mahal within next weak.”
Indirect-Rohit told Rohan that he would be going to visit Taj Mahal within next weak.
If reported speech is imperative
In this case said to changed to ordered, requested,instructed, commanded as per the statement and to as connector.
Example-Rajan said to his younger brother, “Go to attend your class.”
Indirect- Rajan instructed his younger brother to go to attend his class.
Example-Rohini said to her servent, “shut the door.”
Indirect-Rohini ordered her servent to shut the door.
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